The M23 movement and the RDF (Rwandan Defense Force) have different backgrounds, affiliations, and appearances based on their operational contexts. Here are some general differences:


1. **Affiliation and Purpose**:

   - **M23**: Originally formed as a rebel group in the eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). They emerged from previous conflicts and often operate in opposition to the DRC government.

   - **RDF**: The national military of Rwanda, which is a formal armed force that operates under the Rwandan government.


2. **Uniforms and Insignia**:

   - **M23 Soldiers**: They might wear a mix of uniforms or civilian clothing, depending on their resources and the context of the conflict. They may not have standardized insignia.

   - **RDF Soldiers**: They typically wear military uniforms with official insignia that represent the Rwandan military. The RDF is more likely to have organized ranks and uniforms that signify their official status.


3. **Training and Discipline**:

   - **M23**: Soldiers may vary in training, as they are often composed of former soldiers from different militias or defectors. Discipline might be less structured.

   - **RDF**: Soldiers undergo formal training and are part of a structured hierarchy, which typically reflects a higher level of discipline and organization.


4. **Behavior and Conduct**:

   - **M23**: As a rebel group, the conduct of M23 soldiers may be less predictable, and they might engage in guerrilla tactics or confrontations with government forces.

   - **RDF**: Being an official army, RDF conduct is governed by military law and protocols, especially in terms of engagement rules.


5. **Symbols and Equipment**:

   - **M23**: May use a variety of weaponry, often obtained from various sources, and might lack adequate logistics.

   - **RDF**: Generally equipped with standardized military gear and weaponry, including heavier artillery and vehicles, which are typically supplied through formal military channels.


Overall, the distinction largely comes down to formal organization, training, and unofficial versus official military status.


Author : Deputy Director Bullock